罗梭江流域农地土壤养分状况研究

为研究罗梭江流域土壤养分状况,选取20个对罗梭江水体影响较大的典型农地土样进行土壤常规5项分析,结果表明:香蕉地普遍存在磷肥过量施用的情况,沙坝地不适宜种植任何农作物。     

渭河流域多尺度干旱时空特征分析

基于渭河流域23个气象站1959—2014年的实测资料,对比分析了标准化降水指数(SPI)和标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)在渭河流域的适用性,得出SPEI的稳定性更佳。继而采用标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)研究该流域干旱发生频率与干旱强度,分析了近55年渭河流域不同时间尺度干旱的时空变化特征。结果表明:尺度越大,SPEI波动的幅度越小。渭河流域SPEI在1991年发生突变,1991年后干旱加剧,干旱的发生存在14 a和7 a左右周期变化。年尺度干旱的发生频率呈东高西低的分布,中度以上干旱频率最高的地区为西吉、武功和天水周边,频率分别为14.28%、14.28%、12.5%;季尺度上整体的秋旱相比其它季节的干旱发生频率高,中度以上春、秋、冬三季干旱发生的频率天水盆地均最高,频率分别为21.4%、19.6%和8.9%,中度以上夏季干旱发生频率最高的是平凉,其频率为16.1%;月尺度上干旱强度的分布总体上是由东向西减小,其中干旱强度最大的是南部佛坪地区,干旱强度为30%,天水和海源地区近55年发生连续干旱过程的次数最多,可达22 a,该过程中连续干旱的月数大多为3~4个月,而吴旗站存在一次长达9个月的持续干旱过程。     

垄作覆膜对川中丘区土壤物理性状和春玉米产量的影响

采用大田试验,设置垄作覆膜(A1B1)、平作覆膜(A1B2)、垄作不覆膜(A2B1)、平作不覆膜(A2B2)4个处理,研究垄作与覆膜对川中丘区春玉米田土壤物理性状和产量的影响。结果表明:地膜覆盖显著提高了丘陵旱地玉米生育前期耕层土壤水分和温度;垄作栽培显著降低耕层土壤容重,增大土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度;垄作与覆膜措施相结合可有效改善土壤水热状况和物理结构。从玉米穗部性状和产量看,覆膜显著提高玉米穗长、穗粗、穗粒数、百粒重,降低秃尖长,产量较不覆膜处理平均增加20.2%。垄作对玉米穗部性状和产量的影响因覆膜与否而异。覆膜下,垄作较平作显著提高了穗粒数,降低了秃尖长,产量较平作增加7.7%;不覆膜下,垄作则显著降低穗粒数、百粒重,产量较平作降低12.6%。相关分析表明玉米产量与生育前期土壤温度和土壤含水量呈显著正相关关系。垄作覆膜通过提高玉米生育前期土壤温度和含水量,改善了耕层土壤物理性状,最终提高了玉米产量。     

CFSR降水数据在干旱山区水文模型中的应用——以新疆开都河流域为例

西北干旱山区雨量站稀少且分布不均,降水资料难以满足水文模拟的需求。CFSR(climate forecast system reanalysis)再分析数据覆盖范围广、时空分辨率高,是很有潜力的降水数据替代品,但其在干旱山区水文模型中的适用性还有待深入探究。本文以开都河流域为研究区,采用LOCI法、Gamma分布映射法以及以上两种方法相耦合(gam LOCI法)对CFSR降水数据进行偏差校正,分别用校正前和校正后的降水数据驱动已根据观测数据率定好的水文模型,比较流域日径流模拟结果差异。结果表明:由于CFSR原始数据与观测数据偏差较大,导致模拟的径流量与实测径流相对偏差大于40%,并且春季洪峰提前、洪峰峰值提高;与雨量站实测数据相比,gam LOCI法兼具了LOCI法和Gamma分布映射法的优点,既能校正湿日频率和湿日降水强度,又能校正反映离散程度的标准差和分位数,在高海拔山区校正效果更优,但在平原区,3种校正方法无显著差别;与水文站实测数据相比,LOCI、Gam和gam LOCI法校正后的降水数据驱动水文模型得到的径流模拟结果有很大提升,3种校正方法虽各有特点,但径流模拟结果差别不大,都能获得较为满意的校正效果。     

近53 a黑河流域水文气象要素时空演变特征

基于黑河流域及周边17个气象站点和2个水文站点近50 a的观测资料,采用Pettitt、Mann-Kendall(MK)、Yamamoto和累积距平曲线等多种方法,探讨黑河流域水文气象要素时空演变规律。结果表明:黑河流域各气象要素的空间分布随地势变化明显,平均气温、最低气温、最高气温、日照时数和平均风速由南至北呈逐渐增加趋势,降水和平均相对湿度则呈逐渐减少趋势;黑河流域降水、平均气温、最高气温、最低气温和莺落峡径流量呈显著上升趋势,平均风速和日照时数呈显著下降趋势,正义峡径流量下降趋势并不显著,平均相对湿度则没有检测到明显的变化趋势;平均气温、最高气温和最低气温的突变点集中在20世纪90年代,降水和莺落峡径流量交互验证,确定二者的突变点均为2004年。结合多种变点检测方法共同分析,可有效提高结果的可信度和确定性。     

Short-Term Response of Sage-Grouse Nesting to Conifer Removal in the Northern Great Basin

Conifer woodlands expanding into sage-steppe (Artemisia spp.) are a threat to sagebrush obligate species including the imperiled greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). Conifer removal is accelerating rapidly despite a lack of empirical evidence to assess outcomes to grouse. Using a before-after-control-impact design, we evaluated short-term effects of conifer removal on nesting habitat use by monitoring 262 sage-grouse nests in the northern Great Basin during 2010–2014. Tree removal made available for nesting an additional 28% of the treatment landscape by expanding habitat an estimated 9603 ha (3201 ha [± 480 SE] annually). Relative probability of nesting in newly restored sites increased by 22% annually, and females were 43% more likely to nest within 1000 m of treatments. From 2011 (pretreatment) to 2014 (3 yr after treatments began), 29% of the marked population (9.5% [± 1.2 SE] annually) had shifted its nesting activities into mountain big sagebrush habitats that were cleared of encroaching conifer. Grouping treatments likely contributed to beneficial outcomes for grouse as individual removal projects averaged just 87 ha in size but cumulatively covered a fifth of the study area. Collaboratively identifying future priority watersheds and implementing treatments across public and private ownerships is vital to effectively restore the sage-steppe ecosystem for nesting sage-grouse.     

Two energy balance closure approaches: applications and comparisons over an oasis-desert ecotone

Studies of energy balance that rely on eddy covariance(EC) are always challenged by energy balance closure, which is mainly caused by the underestimations of latent heat flux(LE) and sensible heat flux(Hs). The Bowen ratio(BR) and energy balance residual(ER) approaches are two widely-used methods to correct the LE. A comprehensive comparison of those two approaches in different land-use types is essential to accurately correcting the LE and thus improving the EC experiments. In this study, two energy balance approaches(i.e., BR and ER) were compared to correct the LE measured at six EC sites(i.e., three vegetated, one mixed and two non-vegetated sites) in an oasis-desert ecotone of the Heihe River Basin, China. The influences of meteorological factors on those two approaches were also quantitatively assessed. Our results demonstrated that the average energy closure ratio((LE+Hs)/(Rn–Gs); where Rn is the surface net radiation and Gs is the surface soil heat flux) was approximately close to 1.0 at wetland, maize and village sites, but far from 1.0 at orchard, Gobi and desert sites, indicating a significant energy imbalance at those three latter sites. After the corrections of BR and ER approaches that took into account of soil heat storage, the corrected LE was considerably larger than the EC-measured LE at five of six EC sites with an exception at Gobi site. The BR and ER approaches yielded approximately similar corrected LE at vegetated and mixed sites, but they generated dissimilar results at non-vegetated sites, especially at non-vegetated sites with low relative humidity, strong wind, and large surface-air temperature difference. Our findings provide insight into the applicability of BR and ER approaches to correcting EC-based LE measurements in different land-use types. We recommend that the BR-corrected and ER-corrected LE could be seriously reconsidered as validation references in dry and windy areas.     

柴达木盆地昆特依盐湖大盐滩矿区潜水含水层的渗透性

为探究潜水含水层中盐类矿物的固-液转化效应对含水层渗透性的影响,以补水背景下的昆特依干盐湖大盐滩矿区潜水含水层为研究对象,通过抽水试验计算矿区潜水含水层的渗透性,查明含水层渗透性的变化特征;并结合潜卤水水化学数据,分析盐类的固-液转化效应对含水层渗透性变化的影响。结果表明:1补水背景下,大盐滩矿区潜水含水层渗透性受含水层中盐类矿物固-液转化效应的影响,呈现波动性变化。2013年10月,含水层渗透系数最大(376.33 m·d~(-1));2014年3月,含水层渗透系数最小(78.65 m·d~(-1)),2014年6月和9月,渗透系数分别为195.34 m·d~(-1)和348.40 m·d~(-1),呈现逐步上升的趋势。2潜水含水层中芒硝的固-液转化是导致含水层渗透性波动变化的最直接因素。3潜水含水层渗透性变化趋势与SO_4~(2-)-Na+浓度曲线的变化趋势相符。     

套作条件下种植密度对紫色甘薯干物质生产的影响

为了研究川中丘陵区旱地套作条件下种植密度对紫色甘薯干物质生产的影响,在与玉米套作条件下,以鲜食型紫色甘薯品种‘南紫薯008’为材料,设置5个种植密度,测定紫色甘薯叶面积指数、群体生长率、群体光合势、干物质积累、产量等指标。结果表明：在套作条件下,随着种植密度的增加,‘南紫薯008’群体叶面积指数有升高的趋势,群体生长率、群体光合势、商品薯率、干物质率、鲜薯产量、淀粉产量均呈先升后降的趋势,而单株结薯数、单株薯鲜重则下降,群体干物质积累量和T/R则随生育期的推进不同密度间表现有所差异。公顷种植密度在3.5×10⁴~4.0×10⁴株时,群体干物质积累量、鲜薯产量、淀粉产量和商品薯率均较高。套作条件下‘南紫薯008’最高鲜薯产量为11816.9 kg/hm²,约为其净作产量的42.6%~53.1%。川中丘陵区旱地套作条件下紫色甘薯适宜的种植密度为3.5×10⁴~4.0×10⁴株/hm²。     

新疆奎屯河流域平原区生态需水研究

新疆奎屯河流域地处我国西北干旱区,随着人口增加和经济发展,国民经济需水与生态需水已成为流域水资源开发利用和生态环境保护的主要矛盾。因此,为了实现奎屯河流域水资源的可持续利用及国民经济的可持续发展,急需对生态需水进行研究。本文以流域社会经济与生态环境协调发展为目标,分析了奎屯河流域存在的主要生态环境问题,在干旱区生态需水概念与分类的基础上,给出了奎屯河流域生态需水的界定范围。在此前提下,从流域生态环境现状及未来需求出发,采用不同的计算方法,对流域生态需水进行了计算,可为流域水资源优化配置及生态环境建设提供科学的依据。结果表明:奎屯河流域生态需水达5.65×108m3,占流域水资源总量16.98×108m3的33.3%,占径流总量15.41×108m3的36.7%。其中天然绿洲生态需水为2.41×108m3,占生态需水的43%;人工绿洲生态需水达3.24×108m3,占生态需水的57%。